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Linux上配置Nginx+PHP5(FastCGI)

原文地址:http://shiningray.cn/linux-shang-pei-zhi-nginx-php5-fastcgi.html

Nginx是俄罗斯人编写的十分轻量级的HTTP服务器,以事件驱动的方式编写,所以有非常好的性能,同时也是一个非常高效的反向代理、负载平衡。其拥有匹配Lighttpd的性能,同时还没有Lighttpd的内存泄漏问题,而且Lighttpd的mod_proxy也有一些问题并且很久没有更新。
因此我打算用其替代Apache应用于Linux服务器上。但是Nginx并不支持cgi方式运行,原因是可以减少因此带来的一些程序上的漏洞。那么我们必须使用FastCGI方式来执行PHP程序。
下面是我成功地配置Nginx + PHP5 FastCGI的过程

首先安装或编译Nginx

安装Nginx
源码包可以在官方主页上下载。Ubuntu 7.10可以直接通过apt安装,也可以从这里下载最新的deb包:

sudo apt-get install nginx

如果要自己编译的话,需要确保自己已经有编译器和PCRE的库(用于Nginx的rewrite模块,如果不需要这个模块可以在configure时使用./configure –without-rewrite),编译方法如下:

wget http://sysoev.ru/nginx/nginx-0.5.34.tar.gz
tar zxvf nginx-0.5.34.tar.gz
cd nginx-0.5.34
./configure #默认配置安装路径为/usr/local/nginx 可以追加--prefix=/usr设置到/usr
make && make install  # install要求有root权限

Ubuntu安装之后的文件结构大致为:
所有的配置文件都在/etc/nginx下,并且每个虚拟主机已经安排在了/etc/nginx/sites-available下
程序文件在/usr/sbin/nginx
日志放在了/var/log/nginx中
并已经在/etc/init.d/下创建了启动脚本nginx
默认的虚拟主机的目录设置在了/var/www/nginx-default
而自己利用默认配置编译的,则放在/usr/local/nginx下,以下是目录结构:

/usr/local/nginx/conf 配置目录
/usr/local/nginx/html 默认的网站根目录
/usr/local/nginx/logs 日志和pid文件目录
/usr/local/nginx/sbin 执行文件目录

下面可以启动nginx来看看效果(请确保80端口没有其他服务在使用):
Ubuntu请运行:

sudo /etc/init.d/nginx start

其他请运行:

/usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx

然后就可以通过http://localhost/来看看效果了。
要配置nginx的自动运行,可以将/usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx添加到/etc/rc.local中,Ubuntu可以执行

update-rc.d nginx defaults

安装PHP5

至于如何在Linux上安装PHP,有很多文章,甚至很多平台上都有现成的软件包,无需自己编译。
PHP5的CGI方式的一大优势是内置了FastCGI的支持,只需指明绑定的地址和端口参数便可以以FastCGI的方式运行,如下:
php-cgi -b 127.0.0.1:9000
如何配置其与nginx一起运行呢?
配置Nginx的PHP FastCGI
请将以下内容保存为fastcgi_params文件,保存于/usr/local/nginx/conf下(Ubuntu可保存于/etc/nginx下),他为我们的FastCGI模块设置了基本的环境变量:

#fastcgi_params
fastcgi_param  GATEWAY_INTERFACE  CGI/1.1;
fastcgi_param  SERVER_SOFTWARE    nginx;
fastcgi_param  QUERY_STRING       $query_string;
fastcgi_param  REQUEST_METHOD     $request_method;
fastcgi_param  CONTENT_TYPE       $content_type;
fastcgi_param  CONTENT_LENGTH     $content_length;
fastcgi_param  SCRIPT_FILENAME    $document_root$fastcgi_script_name;
fastcgi_param  SCRIPT_NAME        $fastcgi_script_name;
fastcgi_param  REQUEST_URI        $request_uri;
fastcgi_param  DOCUMENT_URI       $document_uri;
fastcgi_param  DOCUMENT_ROOT      $document_root;
fastcgi_param  SERVER_PROTOCOL    $server_protocol;
fastcgi_param  REMOTE_ADDR        $remote_addr;
fastcgi_param  REMOTE_PORT        $remote_port;
fastcgi_param  SERVER_ADDR        $server_addr;
fastcgi_param  SERVER_PORT        $server_port;
fastcgi_param  SERVER_NAME        $server_name;
# PHP only, required if PHP was built with --enable-force-cgi-redirect
fastcgi_param  REDIRECT_STATUS    200;

请特别注意"fastcgi_script_name"一行,PHP-CGI特别需要此行信息来确定PHP文件的位置。
另外需要在PHP-CGI的配置文件(Ubuntu 上此配置文件位于/etc/php5/cgi/php.ini)中,打开cgi.fix_pathinfo选项:

cgi.fix_pathinfo=1;

这样php-cgi方能正常使用SCRIPT_FILENAME这个变量。
接下来在nginx的配置中针对php文件配置其利用FastCGI进程来执行:

server {
    index index.php;
    root  /usr/local/nginx/html;
    location ~ .*.php$ {
        include /usr/local/nginx/conf/fastcgi_params;  #请根据自己保存的路径进行设置
        fastcgi_index index.php;
        fastcgi_pass  127.0.0.1:9000; #请根据自己的FastCGI绑定的地址和端口进行配置
    }
}

通知Nginx重新载入配置:

kill -HUP `cat /usr/local/nginx/logs/nginx.pid`

Ubuntu用户可以使用init脚本:sudo /etc/init.d/nginx reload
然后启动php-cgi -b 127.0.0.1:9000
假设你在文档根目录放了index.php,并包含"phpinfo();"的内容,现在再看http://localhost/index.php便应该能看到php的调试信息了。
配置php进程
直接使用php-cgi的FastCGI运行方式有两个问题(貌似应该有解决方案,如果知道的话可以教教我):

1.如果进程崩溃,难以配置重新启动
2.单进程的效率低

因此,我们可以利用Lighttpd的spawn-fcgi来控制进程的运行。获得spawn-fcgi的方法如下:

wget http://www.lighttpd.net/download/lighttpd-1.4.18.tar.bz2 #获取Lighttpd的源码包
tar -xvjf lighttpd-1.4.18.tar.bz2
cd lighttpd-1.4.18
./configure  #编译
make
cp src/spawn-fcgi /usr/local/bin/spawn-fcgi #取出spawn-fcgi的程序

下面我们就可以使用 spawn-fcgi 来控制php-cgi的FastCGI进程了

/usr/local/bin/spawn-fcgi -a 127.0.0.1 -p 9000 -C 5 -u www-data -g www-data -f /usr/bin/php-cgi

参数含义如下

-f <fcgiapp> 指定调用FastCGI的进程的执行程序位置,根据系统上所装的PHP的情况具体设置
-a <addr> 绑定到地址addr
-p <port> 绑定到端口port
-s <path> 绑定到unix socket的路径path
-C <childs> 指定产生的FastCGI的进程数,默认为5(仅用于PHP)
-P <path> 指定产生的进程的PID文件路径
-u和-g FastCGI使用什么身份(-u 用户 -g 用户组)运行,Ubuntu下可以使用www-data,其他的根据情况配置,如nobody、apache等

然后我们可以将这行代码加入到/etc/rc.local文件底部,这样系统启动的时候也可以同时启动PHP的FastCGI进程。

27 Comments

  1. json viewer
    json viewer March 29, 2021

    写的很详细.
    不过现在很多都用宝塔搭建了 太方便了。

  2. […] 既然上面提及php-cgi实现的FastCGI问题官方没有解决。那自然有第三方做这个事情,我们可以使用Lighttpd的spawn-fcgi来管理php-cgi进程。注意,这里的spawn-fcgi是进程管理器,只是管理实现FastCGI协议的php-cgi,这个的安装和使用方式可以参照鸟哥的博客 […]

  3. […] 既然上面提及php-cgi实现的FastCGI问题官方没有解决。那自然有第三方做这个事情,我们可以使用Lighttpd的spawn-fcgi来管理php-cgi进程。注意,这里的spawn-fcgi是进程管理器,只是管理实现FastCGI协议的php-cgi,这个的安装和使用方式可以参照鸟哥的博客 […]

  4. […] 既然上面提及php-cgi实现的FastCGI问题官方没有解决。那自然有第三方做这个事情,我们可以使用Lighttpd的spawn-fcgi来管理php-cgi进程。注意,这里的spawn-fcgi是进程管理器,只是管理实现FastCGI协议的php-cgi,这个的安装和使用方式可以参照鸟哥的博客 […]

  5. 煎饼果子
    煎饼果子 June 8, 2017

    php-cgi以FastCGI模式运行的时候,好像启动的时候是可以通过设置PHP_FCGI_CHILDREN环境变量来控制fork进程个数,这样是不是就不存在单进程的效率低的问题。

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  8. dw
    dw March 13, 2016

    用php-fpm启动FastCGI

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  11. Joker_Qyou
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    请问,我想在本地/var/www 下建立一个网站,依照这篇文章进行配置,但是访问localhost/ 或是localhost 只能下载index.php 这个文件而不是运行它,访问localhost/index.php 或者其他子文件夹如localhost/try/ 或是localhost/try/index.php 都没有问题,请问这是怎么回事呢?已经确定nginx 和spawn-fcgi 都在正常运行了。

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  13. 雪候鸟
    雪候鸟 January 7, 2010

    提示什么错误呢?

  14. 雀巢
    雀巢 January 7, 2010

    为什么我在nginx.conf里写入 1. server {
    2. index index.php;
    3. root /usr/local/nginx/html;
    4.
    5. location ~ .*.php$ {
    6. include /usr/local/nginx/conf/fastcgi_params; #请根据自己保存的路径进行设置
    7. fastcgi_index index.php;
    8. fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000; #请根据自己的FastCGI绑定的地址和端口进行配置
    9. }
    10. }
    这段话提示错误,无法启动nginx呢?我是在Ubuntu下安装的

  15. wang
    wang September 14, 2009

    我喜欢用PHP-FPM 给PHP的补丁
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  16. zhangyufeng
    zhangyufeng August 7, 2009

    手册上讲的是如何使用,而我想清楚的是如何用的更好……呵呵,想学习一下前辈的经验。

  17. zhangyufeng
    zhangyufeng August 1, 2009

    前一阵我也搭了一个,感觉最困难的是nginx的rewrite规则……能不能写写这方面……网上很多支离破碎的文章。

  18. weimade
    weimade July 31, 2009

    手册里也有。。

  19. 雪候鸟
    雪候鸟 July 28, 2009

    @xi2008wang great, thanks

  20. xi2008wang
    xi2008wang July 28, 2009

    现在都用php-fpm代替spawn-cgi了

  21. keyvalue
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    清晰简约,一贯的风格

Comments are closed.