18 Jun 08 深入理解PHP原理之Opcodes
- 作者: laruence(http://www.laruence.com)
- 本文地址: http://www.laruence.com/2008/06/18/221.html
- 转载请注明出处
最近要给Yahoo的同事们做一个关于PHP和Apache处理请求的内部机制的讲座，刚好写了些关于Opcodes的文字，就发上来了，这个文章基于 Sara Golemon大师的《Understanding OPcode》
Opcode是一种PHP脚本编译后的中间语言，就像Java的ByteCode,或者.NET的MSL，举个例子，比如你写下了如下的PHP代码：
<?php echo "Hello World"; $a = 1 + 1; echo $a; ?>
PHP执行这段代码会经过如下4个步骤(确切的来说，应该是PHP的语言引擎Zend)
1.Scanning(Lexing) ,将PHP代码转换为语言片段(Tokens) 2.Parsing, 将Tokens转换成简单而有意义的表达式 3.Compilation, 将表达式编译成Opocdes 4.Execution, 顺次执行Opcodes，每次一条，从而实现PHP脚本的功能。
题外话:现在有的Cache比如APC,可以使得PHP缓存住Opcodes，这样，每次有请求来临的时候，就不需要重复执行前面3步，从而能大幅的提高PHP的执行速度。
那什么是Lexing? 学过编译原理的同学都应该对编译原理中的词法分析步骤有所了解，Lex就是一个词法分析的依据表。 Zend/zend_language_scanner.c会根据Zend/zend_language_scanner.l(Lex文件),来输入的 PHP代码进行词法分析，从而得到一个一个的“词”，PHP4.2开始提供了一个函数叫token_get_all,这个函数就可以讲一段PHP代码 Scanning成Tokens；
如果用这个函数处理我们开头提到的PHP代码，将会得到如下结果:
Array
(
[0] => Array
(
[0] => 367
[1] => Array
(
[0] => 316
[1] => echo
)
[2] => Array
(
[0] => 370
[1] =>
)
[3] => Array
(
[0] => 315
[1] => "Hello World"
)
[4] => ;
[5] => Array
(
[0] => 370
[1] =>
)
[6] => =
[7] => Array
(
[0] => 370
[1] =>
)
[8] => Array
(
[0] => 305
[1] => 1
)
[9] => Array
(
[0] => 370
[1] =>
)
[10] => +
[11] => Array
(
[0] => 370
[1] =>
)
[12] => Array
(
[0] => 305
[1] => 1
)
[13] => ;
[14] => Array
(
[0] => 370
[1] =>
)
[15] => Array
(
[0] => 316
[1] => echo
)
[16] => Array
(
[0] => 370
[1] =>
)
[17] => ;
)
分析这个返回结果我们可以发现，源码中的字符串，字符，空格，都会原样返回。每个源代码中的字符，都会出现在相应的顺序处。而，其他的比如标签，操作符，语句，都会被转换成一个包含俩部分的Array: Token ID (也就是在Zend内部的改Token的对应码，比如,T_ECHO,T_STRING)，和源码中的原来的内容。
接下来，就是Parsing阶段了，Parsing首先会丢弃Tokens Array中的多于的空格，然后将剩余的Tokens转换成一个一个的简单的表达式
1.echo a constant string 2.add two numbers together 3.store the result of the prior expression to a variable 4.echo a variable
然后就改Compilation阶段了，它会把Tokens编译成一个个op_array, 每个op_arrayd包含如下5个部分：
1.Opcode数字的标识，指明了每个op_array的操作类型，比如add , echo 2.结果 存放Opcode结果 3.操作数1 给Opcode的操作数 4.操作数2 5.扩展值 1个整形用来区别被重载的操作符
比如，我们的PHP代码会被Parsing成:
* ZEND_ECHO 'Hello World' * ZEND_ADD ~0 1 1 * ZEND_ASSIGN !0 ~0 * ZEND_ECHO !0
呵呵，你可能会问了，我们的$a去那里了？
恩，这个要介绍操作数了，每个操作数都是由以下俩个部分组成：
a)op_type : 为IS_CONST, IS_TMP_VAR, IS_VAR, IS_UNUSED, or IS_CV b)u,一个联合体，根据op_type的不同，分别用不同的类型保存了这个操作数的值(const)或者左值(var)
而对于var来说，每个var也不一样
IS_TMP_VAR, 顾名思义，这个是一个临时变量，保存一些op_array的结果，以便接下来的op_array使用，这种的操作数的u保存着一个指向变量表的一个句柄（整数），这种操作数一般用~开头，比如~0,表示变量表的0号未知的临时变量
IS_VAR 这种就是我们一般意义上的变量了,他们以$开头表示
IS_CV 表示ZE2.1/PHP5.1以后的编译器使用的一种cache机制，这种变量保存着被它引用的变量的地址，当一个变量第一次被引用的时候，就会被CV起来，以后对这个变量的引用就不需要再次去查找active符号表了，CV变量以！开头表示。
这么看来，我们的$a被优化成!0了。
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Laruence
年二十有七，好追根究底，有不良嗜好, 幸性本善。
乙酉年识互联网，丁亥年入雅虎， 翌年入百度。
虽性好安稳，然经变无数，唯常叹"人生，菠菜汤尔"。
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